Center For Self Determination

**Medicine**
Association of American Indian Physicians	Site Link	A professional organization for native american physicians and the home of the Assoication of Native American Medical Students.
Student Doctor	Site Link	The network for every student doctor.
AMSA Committee on Disabilities	Site Link	The American Medical Student Association Committee on Disabilities educated medical professionals about disability related issues and provides a resource for medical students with disabilities.
Maximizing your Success in Medical Education	Article	Article gives advice to premed students with disabilities about applying and succeeding in medical school
Interactive Medical Student Lounge-Students with Disabilities Section	Site Link	Forun for medical students with disabilities to discuss unique issues they experience.
Center for Disability Issues and the Health Professions	Site Link	Western University's Health Science Center site has many articles and information about medical professionals with disabilities
Disability Leads Student to Medical School	Article	Personal Account of a physician with a visual impairment.
A Brief History of Blind Physicians	Article	Article describes several blind physicians from 860 AD to the present.
Intuitive Surgical	Site Link	Information and products related to telesurgical techology.
Computer Aided Surgery	Site Link	List of resources and links regarding research and practice of computer aided surgery technology
Subcommittee Oversight hearing of the Application of Americans with disabilities Act to Medical Licensure	Article	Chai Feldblum's expert testimony to the House regarding licensure of medical personnel
Accomplished MD Challenges Perceptions	Article	Doctor with a physical disability talks about his career
Substance abuse, mental illness, and medical students: The role of the Americans with Disabilities Act	Annotated Bibliography	Article reviews the Americans with Disabilities Act and how it impacts medical education for persons with substance abuse and mental illness disabilities.
Reccommended Guidelines for admission of candidates with disabilities to medical school	Annotated Bibliography	White paper suggest ratifications, point-by-point, to the Association of American Medical College's document on medical school admissions requirements.
A medical degree and nowhere to go	Annotated Bibliography	Commentary from the author's personal experience as a physican with a disability who is collecting unemployment checks because of her inability to secure proper speciatly training with accommodations for her disability.
Emotional impact of medical school and residency: Does a problem-based learning curriculum affect depression in medical students?	Annotated Bibliography	Research investigates and compares changes in self-reported depression among medical students enrolled in either a lecture-based learning or problem-based learning curriculum.
Vicissitudes of depressed mood during four years of medical school	Annotated Bibliography	Research article describes the vicissitudes of depressed mood for one medical school class over time.
Living with disability: A proposal for medical education	Annotated Bibliography	Commentary article describes the process and outcomes of a 48-hour pilot sensitivity training program for medical students about living with a disability.
Physicians with disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	Commentary article documents 18 physicans with disabilities experiences with adaptations, discrimination, compensation, patient acceptance and about advice they would give to others.
Ready and able: With federal legislation ensuring a place for them in medical school, many aspiring physicians are eager to prove that their disabilities aren't inabilities	Annotated Bibliography	Article reviews th implications of the ADA for medical schools by giving specific, actual student scenerios.
Experiences with D/deaf culture	Annotated Bibliography	Commentary article describes the author's personal experience as a medical student with a hearing impairment learning about Deaf community and culture
Disabled students and medical school admissions.	Annotated Bibliography	Editorial article discusses questions asked by medial school admissions committees regarding the acceptance of disabled persons who enter into medical schools.
MD speicalists bring unique insights into rehabilitation needs of disabled	Annotated Bibliography	Commentary describing how the specialty of rehabilitation assists people with disabilities.
Physical Disabilities and the Study and Practice of Medicine	Annotated Bibliography	Review article discusses the impact of a disability on the study and practice of medicine.
The disabled student as undifferentiated graduate: A medical school challenge.	Annotated Bibliography	Article challenges the current Association of American Medical Colleges' essential functions for medical education in lieu of professional assistants and technological advances.
Counseling Services at the University of California, Davis: Helping Medical Students Cope	Annotated Bibliography	Author's describe experiences counseling medical students attending the University of California, Davis.
A Neurologist's Notebook: A surgeon's life	Annotated Bibliography	The author describes observations and interview with a surgeon who has Tourette's syndrome about his personal and professional life experiences.
Influence of a 3-week psychiatric training programme (sic) on attitudes toward mental illness in medical students	Annotaed Bibliography	This study was carried out to assess the influence of psychiatric training, including direct patient contact, on attitudes toward mental illness
Coping with a Learning Disability in Medical School	Annotated Bibliography	The author describes experiences in medical school as a person with a learning disability
Medical Student�s Perceptions of Stress: Gender and Ethnic Considerations.	Annotated Bibliography	Stress has always been associated with medical school. This article looks at a degree program at the University of Missouri-Kansas City that aimes to alleviate stress in medical school.
Disabilities: Looking Back and Looking Ahead	Annotated Bibliography	Overview of articles in special issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students	Annotated Bibliography	Personality characteristics and lifestyle variables were assessed in two cohorts of second year medical students at the University of Newcastle, Tyne, UK in 1993-94 and then compared, where possible, with a similar survey previously conducted in Newcastle upon Tyne medical students in 1983-84.
Effect of medical school stress on the mental health of medical students in early and late clinical curriculum	Annotated Bibliography	Earlier research has shown that medical students in the United Kingdom and the United States report a higher level of nervous symptoms than the general population.
Substantial Frustrations	Annotate Bibliography	This commentary outlines the struggle for those with Learning Disabilities (LDs) to disclose their conditions and receive the proper accommodations on certain tests required before being accepted into medical school.
Recommended Guidelines for Admission of Candidates with Disabilities to Medical School	Annotated Bibliography	Dr. Robert Meier told the Association of Academic Physiatrists that American medical schools were denying applicants simply because they have physical disabilities
Rehabilitation Medicine, Adding Life to Years: Physicians with Disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	There are no reliable data indicating the prevalence of physicians with disabilities. An informal 1987 study found that only 2.6% of all physicians, and only .25% of currently enrolled medical students report having disabilities, as opposed to 14.6% for the general population
Need medical education be stressful?	Annotated Bibliography	There would appear to be some agreement to the effect that medical education and, perhaps, medical careers, are too stressful.
Survey of Handicapped Physicians in Practice	Annotated Bibliography	A preliminary survey of practicing physicians in neurology, pathology, and psychiatry was conducted. It was found that 1.12% of all physicians in this sample experienced a physical disability.
The Americans with Disabilities Act: I. Implications and Suggestions for Compliance for Medical Schools	Annotated Bibliography	This report presents a brief history and summary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) including an extensive section of definitions and explanations of key components outlining their relevance to medical schools.
The Americans with Disabilities Act: II. Implications and Suggestions for Compliance for Medical Schools	Annotated Bibliography	There is a need for more information about the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that is tailored to colleges of medicine so that faculty, staff, and administrators can understand and carry out their responsibilities under the Act. This report (part II) as well as part I address this need.
Services for Students with Learning Disabilities in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools	Annotated Bibliography	Between September 1, 1990, and March 31, 1992, 103 of the 142 schools in the United States and Canada responded to a questionnaire regarding their services and programs for medical students with learning disabilities.
Changes in Services for Students with Learning Disabilities in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools 1991-1997	Annotated Bibliography	The purpose of this article was to determine the changes between 1991 and 1997 in the admission policies of, and services offered, by U.S. and Canadian medical schools to students with disabilities.
Substance use and Addiction Among Medical Students, Residents and Physicians	Annotated Bibliography	This literature review examines the existing data on alcoholism, drug addiction, and substance usage among physicians in the service of answering the salient questions on this topic
Mental health of medical students: the culture of objectivity in medicine	Annotated Bibliography	The mental health of medical students is often over looked. Studies of depression, suicide, and substance abuse demonstrate that medical students constitute a population at risk.
Mental Health of Hospital Consultants	Annotated Bibliography	This editorial articulates the risk of those in the medical field to depression, burnout/emotional exhaustion, and suicide.
Psychological stress and burnout in medical students: a five-year prospective longitudinal study	Annotated Bibliography	The aim of this study was to assess psychological morbidity and symptoms of burnout in medical students during their undergraduate training, and to identify baseline factors that predict psychological morbidity in students in the final year of the course.
Embarking upon a medical career: psychological morbidity in first year medical students	Annotated Bibliography	This study was undertaken to measure the prevalence of psychological morbidity, and the nature and source of stress, in first year medical students.
Medical Education and Disability Discrimination: The Law and the Future Implications	Annotated Bibliography	Students with disabilities who are preparing for careers in health care have been in the forefront of those bringing suit under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
A Study of Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms of Medical Students, House Staff, and Their Spouses/Partners	Annotated Bibliography	Symptoms of anxiety/depression and suicidal ideation were studied in medical students, house staff, and their spouses/partners in a large Midwestern school by means of an anonymous questionnaire.
Perfectionism, the impostor phenomenon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing, and pharmacy students	Annotated Bibliography	Although empirical studies have identified demographic subgroups of students most likely to become distressed during training less research has been carried out to evaluate the impact of students� personality characteristics on their adjustment.
Changes in Profiles of Students Admitted to Florida Allopathic Medical Schools	Annotated Bibliography	The demographic and academic profiles of first-year classes entering the three allopathic medical schools in Florida between 1990 and 1996 have been summarized.
Attitudes of Medical Students to Mental Handicap	Annotated Bibliography	The attitudes of medical students toward people with cognitive disabilities were examined in two medical schools in London.
Time Has Come Today	Annotated Bibliography	This article identifies three areas of medical education that the author believes are forgotten about and/or not paid attention to.
Christine Northrup, MD: Medical Practices as a Spiritual Journey	Annotated Bibliography	This interview by Bonnie Horrigan with Christine Northrup expounds upon Northrup�s journey as a medical practitioner focusing on the way medicine deals with people in general, and women in particular.
Ruling Ordering Medical School to Admit Blind Student is Reversed	Annotated Bibliography	This article expounds on a case in which a woman was refused admission to Case Western Reserve University medical school because she is blind.
Accommodating Medical Students with Learning Disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	The author states that his desire with this commentary is to heighten awareness and to adjust the attitudes of premedical advisors and medical school faculty regarding the potential of students with learning disabilities for successful medical careers.
Reactions of Medical Students Affected by a Major Disaster	Annotated Bibliography	This report describes the concerns and reactions of medical students who were affected by a major disaster at a football game in Sheffield in 1989.
Medical student involvement in a major disaster	Annotated Bibliography	Senior clinical students at Sheffield Medical School were surveyed in order to assess their degree of involvement with the disaster. Approximately one student in eight could be said to have had a high level of involvement.
Recent Legal Decisions	Annotated Bibliography	This document summarizes several different legal decisions regarding cases involving persons with disabilities.
Demographic Characteristics of US Medical School Admission Committees	Annotated Bibliography	This was the first study in 28 years to report a comprehensive survey of the composition of admission committees in U.S. medical schools.
Assisting Troubled Medical Students	Annotated Bibliography	This article articulates that counseling can facilitate exploration of personal issues that have been exposed during medical training, and it offers medical students an opportunity to learn new coping skills and enhance their understanding of themselves and their training environment.
Medical Decision Making and People with Disabilities: A Clash of Cultures	Annotated Bibliography	This paper addresses, in historical perspective, the ways in which the status of persons with disabilities, as a stigmatized minority group, affects medical decision-making.
Issues of Trainees with Disabilities in Medicine: Combating Stigma and Ignorance	Annotated Bibliography	The main theme of this book is how medical students are impacted by medical education, what types of doctors medical students will become, and the way that medical school affects physician�s relationships with their communities, cultures, and identities.
Reflections of a Disabled Professional	Annotated Bibliography	This autobiographical story outlines the experience of a dentist who acquired poliomyelitis in the 1940�s.
Teaching mental handicap to medical students	Annotated Bibliography	An innovative approach to the teaching on mental handicap to pre-clinical medical students as part of their Behavioral Sciences course is first described.
Stress management for clinical medical students	Annotated Bibliography	This study evaluates a new stress management course for medical students offered through the Occupational Health Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London.
A Challenge to Licensing Boards: The Stigma of Mental Illness	Annotated Bibliography	This article outlines the experience of a doctor diagnosed with Type II bipolar disorder.
The Physically Handicapped Student In Medical School: A Preliminary Study	Annotated Bibliography	The research reported here was undertaken as a preliminary study of the students with physical disabilities in undergraduate medical education because of the lack of information about students with physical disabilities in schools of medicine, or in medicine itself.
Outcomes of the First Family Practice Chief Resident Leadership Conference	Annotated Bibliography	In June of 1989, the first Family Practice Chief Resident Leadership Conference was presented to 27 Texas second-year residents who had been selected to serve as chief residents during their third year.
Blind medical student faces skeptics, critics. Some question whether a doctor can function without site	Annotated Bibliography	This LA Times article outlines the experience of a medical student who is blind at Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Toward Creating Physician-Healers: Fostering Medical Students� Self-awareness, Personal Growth, and Well-being.	Annotated Bibliography	To restore the �humanism� in medical care, medical education needs to espouse the goal of creating physician-healers.
Maximizing your Success in Medical Education Tips for Premedical Students with Chronic Illnesses and Disabilities. American Medical Student Association	Annotated Bibliography	Individuals in medicine who have chronic illness or disabilities face a number of challenges.
The Health Status and Life Satisfaction of First-Year Medical Students	Annotated Bibliography	The self-reported health status and life satisfaction of 286 first-year Duke University medical students, in four consecutive classes, were measured at the beginning and end of the school year and compared statistically with relevant sociodemographic and behavioral factors.
Inservice Training for Physicians Serving Handicapped Children	Annotated Bibliography	A nationwide project to provide continuing medical education to primary care physicians who provide office-based health care to children with disabilities is described.
Helping Medical Students Develop Lifelong Strategies to Cope with Stress	Annotated Bibliography	The ways in which medical students choose to cope with the stressors of their training act as blueprints for how they will deal with future professional and personal stresses.
�Without Handicap�: Issues of Medical Schools and Physically Disabled Students	Annotated Bibliography	Medical schools have a very low proportion of students with physical disabilities, which the author argues is largely a result of schools� conception of the �undifferentiated graduate� as being capable of performing the history, physical examination, and any medical procedure without an intermediary.
Use of alcohol to cope with tension, and its relation to gender, years in medical school and hazardous drinking: a study of two nation-wide Norwegian samples of medical students	Annotated Bibliography	The aim of this study was to look at the association between the use of alcohol to cope with tension and hazardous drinking, and the prevalence and the predictors of such drinking behaviors.
Alcohol-Related Problems of Future Physicians Prior to Medical Training	Annotated Bibliography	Time 1 data are presented from an ongoing longitudinal study of drinking patterns and problems of future physicians from medical school entrance through 2.5 years of training.
Understanding the Impaired Medical Student	Annotated Bibliography	This article outlines the stressors of medical school and their impact on students, and offers resources to avoid becoming a victim of impairment.
Enhancing Medical Students� Knowledge About Those who Live with Disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	Both the research literature and our surveys among individuals with disabilities point to two key gaps in the medical care of individuals with severe disabilities.
Mental Health of Medical School Applicants: The Role of the Admissions Committee	Annotated Bibliography	This study examined the role of admissions committees as it relates to the mental health of applicants.
Disability Leaders Student to Medical School	Annotated Bibliography	This article describes the experiences of a medical student who is blind.
Reasonable Accommodations for Medical Faculty with Disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	An unknown number of medical school faculty have disabilities, and their experiences have generally escaped notice and scrutiny.
Stress and vulnerability in medical students	Annotated Bibliography	The findings in this article emphasize the need for greater attention to the psychological well being of doctors-in-training, in Hong Kong as in the Western world.
What Becomes of Medical Students: The Dark Side	Annotated Bibliography	These findings underscore the need for learning to identify and help medical students who are especially vulnerable to stress.
Stress among Residents, Medical Students, and Graduate Science (MSc/PhD) Students	Annotated Bibliography	his paper reports the results of a study of stressors and stress responses among residents, medical students, and graduate science students at the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine.
Assisting Medical Students with Undiagnosed ADHD	Annotated Bibliography	highlights the counseling services available to medical students who experience mental health difficulties during their medical training.
The Americans with Disabilities Act: An Analysis	Annotated Bibliography	This piece outlines the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), summarizes the main articles of the ADA with definitions, and includes a brief history of the origination of the ADA.
Medical Student Distress. A Longitudinal Study.	Annotated Bibliography	This longitudinal study investigated the relative importance of correlates of psychological distress in first year medical students (N=312) in September and May.
Physical disability among physicians: an analysis of 259 cases	Annotated Bibliography	This article presents data on 259 physicians and medical students with a wide range of physical disabilities and specialty training.
The Physically Disabled Physician	Annotated Bibliography	This article reviews the available literature on physicians with physical disabilities and discusses the attitudinal, environmental, and political barriers they may encounter.
Blind Internist Passes Board Exam	Annotated Bibliography	This brief letter to the editor comments on the first blind internist to attempt, and pass, the American Board of Medical Examiners certification.
Beyond Section 504: Satisfaction and Empowerment of Students with Disabilities in Higher Education	Annotated Bibliography	College and university students with disabilities were surveyed to determine their levels of satisfaction with accessibility, special services, and accommodations at their schools.
A Brief History of Blind Physicians	Annotated Bibliography	Physicians who are blind have distinguished themselves in the practice of medicine for more than a thousand years.
Handicapped in medical school: A personal account	Annotated Bibliography	This narrative conveys the physical and emotional impact that Terry Winkler experienced from a bullet wound to his spinal cord, leaving him with paraplegia.
Stress, coping and health: enhancing well-being during medical school	Annotated Bibliography	Medical education can be a health hazard for many students, and far-reaching reforms are needed to improve it.
Physical Disability Among American Medical Students	Annotated Bibliography	This survey aimed to assess the prevalence and nature of physical disabilities among medical school graduates, and to investigate the academic performance of these new physicians with disabilities.
Disabled is Not Impaired	Annotated Bibliography	This brief letter to the editor appreciates a report that appeared in an earlier issue of JAMA, about physicians with disabilities.
Sorting Out Which Students Have Learning Disabilities	Annotated Bibliography	This narrative delineates the experiences and thoughts of a college professor regarding learning disabilities, and how they are diagnosed.
Ari Karl Stern, (appellant) V. University of Osteopathic Medicine and Health Sciences, (appellee)	Annotated Bibliography	When Mr. Stern did not recieve the accommodations he requested, he sued his University.
Andrew H.K. Wong, (appellant) V. The Regents of the Order and Amended University of California, Opinion, (appellee)	Annotated Bibliography	Andrew Wong sued Regents after he was dismissed from the medical school program.
Steven Wynne, (appellant) V. Tufts University School of Medicine, (appellee)	Annotated Bibliography	Wynne sued Tufts University because he believed it did not receive appropriate accommodations for test taking.
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) (appellee) V. Ohio Civil Rights Commission (appellants)	Annotated Bibliography	One of the standards for Medical School admission is that the applicant is required to �observe.� �Observation� necessitates the functional use of the sense of vision and somatic sensation.� This statute was used as a guideline when Fischer�s application was ultimately denied.
Bryan David Price, Brian A. Singleton, and Stephan M. Morris, Plaintiffs V. The National Board of Medical Examiners, Defendant	Annotated Bibliography	The three plaintiffs argued that they were entitled to certain accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act because they experienced ADHD and/or written expression disability and reading disorder
Kevin McGuinness, Plaintiff-Appellant V. University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Defendant-Appellee	Annotated Bibliography	When McGuinness enrolled in medical school, he told the University that he had an anxiety disorder that could be exacerbated by his studies. However, he specified that he would not need any accommodations.
Jayne G. Nathanson (appellant) V. The Medical College of Pennsylvania (appellee)	Annotated Bibliography	Nathanson had severe muscle spasms in her back because of the shape of the chairs at the medical school.� She requested a new chair and desk, but was denied.
Jonathon Lewin, Plaintiff V. Medical College of Hampton Roads, etc., et al., Defendants	Annotated Bibliography	This case is based on several issues, including violation of Section 504
Lisa Kaltenberger, Plaintiff-Appellant V. Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, Defendant, Appellee	Annotated Bibliography	Kaltenberger asserted that she was misdiagnosed by the counseling services at the College when they did not conclude that she experiences ADHD
Betts, Plaintiff V. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia, Defendants	Annotated Bibliography	Betts refused accommodations offered by the University for a learning disability, and the case was dismissed.
Sarah Boyle, Plaintiff V. Brown University, Defendants	Annotated Bibliography	Boyle was offered the choice of seeking an independent psychiatric evaluation or going before the Impaired Medical Students Committee. She refused both and filed a lawsuit.
Trena Ferrell, Plaintiff V. Howard University, Defendants	Annotated Bibliography	Plaintiff was denied an opportunity to retake the USMLE with accommodations.
Sherrie Lynn Zukle, Plaintiff-Appellee V. University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Appellant	Annotated Bibliography	Zukle requested several accommodations for her reading disability that were denied by the University.
Garey V. Ellis, Plaintiff V. Morehouse School of Medicine, Defendant	Annotated Bibliography	After his first two years of medical school, Ellis did not receive any accommodations and received unsatisfactory grades. � He was dismissed from the medical school, and appealed the decision
Biank V. National Board of Medical Examiners	Annotated Bibliography	Biank alleged that the board violated Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by refusing to provide him with double time for taking the second step of a three-step examination.
John Doe, Appellee V. National Board of Medical Examiners, Appellant	Annotated Bibliography	The NBME annotates results that are mailed to institutions explaining that accommodations were made for the test-taker. The NBME denied Doe�s request to remove this annotation from his results.
Jacqueline Leacock, Civil Action, V. Temple University School of Medicine	Annotated Bibliography	In her first year of medical school, Leacock failed 7 classes, and was dismissed.� She appealed the dismissal saying she had just discovered her learning disability.
Michael Gonzales, Plaintiff-Appellant, V. National Board of Medical Examiners, Defendant-Apellee	Annotated Bibliography	Gonzales requested accommodations for test taking because of a disability.� However, two psychologists could not agree on whether or not he has a disability.
Joshua Pushkin, M.D., Plaintiff-Appellee V. The Regents of the University of Colorado (et al)	Annotated Bibliography	Dr. Pushkin, a medical doctor, alleged that the University of Colorado denied him admittance to the Psychiatric Residency Program because he experienced Multiple Sclerosis.
Francisco Garcia V. State University of New York Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn (SUNY)	Annotated Bibliography	Garcia was dismissed from SUNY after he repeatedly failed to successfully complete his first year of medical school. After the dismissal, Garcia was diagnosed as experiencing Attention Deficit Disorder and a learning disability.
Guy Amir, Appellant, V. St. Louis University, Appellee	Annotated Bibliography	During his first year, Amir began to experience academic difficulties. After failing biochemistry and anatomy exams, Amir requested to be allowed to enter the extended curriculum program. His request was denied

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